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Based on interpolating satellite images from Sentinel-2 and Google Earth.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":40,"power_mw":53,"h100_equivalents":29156.13946437595,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":1.51528,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.03608,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_012f03125a2bd09b","facility_name":"Google The Dalles","date":"2023-05-21","construction_status":"First signs of construction.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_5117ddf89c9a8971","facility_name":"Google Columbus","date":"2023-07-01","construction_status":"Building 2 foundation work begins. Building 1 generators seem complete, cooling towers still under construction.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_4e41a5fc0903af23","facility_name":"Google Mesa","date":"2023-07-01","construction_status":"Land clearing begins for the entire site.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_00a0aa36aded8f77","facility_name":"Google Lincoln","date":"2023-07-01","construction_status":"Land clearing begins for the site","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_48e506caba0c74f9","facility_name":"Microsoft Fairwater Wisconsin","date":"2023-07-14","construction_status":"Land clearing begins for Building 1.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":0,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_1cd95cdff474d2a0","facility_name":"DayOne Nusajaya","date":"2023-10-01","construction_status":"Construction for Building 1-2 is underway.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_2da5269b4eebb531","facility_name":"QTS Richmond 1","date":"2023-10-01","construction_status":"Land cleared for site expansion, some materials down at substation site. We assume that Buildings 1 and 2 are not running AI workloads at this point due to the lack of cooling infrastructure.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_354909f8538f1173","facility_name":"Amazon Madison Mega Site","date":"2023-10-02","construction_status":"Land clearing begins","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_f5ab702b6ec113e8","facility_name":"QTS Richmond 1","date":"2023-11-02","construction_status":"Building 1 and 2 retrofitting has begun (see [Google Earth](https://earth.google.com/web/@37.48913637,-77.24705465,44.31788662a,1464.06665017d,30.00094375y,3.66969189h,0t,0r/data=ChYqEAgBEgoyMDIzLTExLTAyGAFCAggBMikKJwolCiExWVNYSWZQZkcydXVMYm1nUDkyc2NObE1QenF1VGRVV2cgAToDCgEwQgIIAEoICMOJgf0CEAE)). Building 1 has chillers added to the roof and perimeter, and backup generators added to the perimeter.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_dd1f6856b33c151f","facility_name":"Google Midlothian","date":"2023-11-28","construction_status":"Visible land clearing around the area for Building 1","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_f6e9dd95cbafe831","facility_name":"Google Kansas City East","date":"2024-01-01","construction_status":"Land clearing has begun for the site","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_83c256764ca94be4","facility_name":"QTS Richmond 1","date":"2024-01-29","construction_status":"Building 1 (retrofitted) is operational. This is based on it looking complete, and cooling towers possibly showing water vapor plumes, in this [Google Earth image](https://earth.google.com/web/@37.4875167,-77.24806799,43.67572425a,2395.6622579d,30.00094375y,3.66969189h,0t,0r/data=ChYqEAgBEgoyMDI0LTAyLTA2GAFCAggBMikKJwolCiExWVNYSWZQZkcydXVMYm1nUDkyc2NObE1QenF1VGRVV2cgAToDCgEwQgIIAEoICMOJgf0CEAE). Building 2 has chillers added to the roof and perimeter, and backup generators added to the perimeter. Cooling towers near Building 2 have been removed. Building 3 shell is under construction.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":47,"power_mw":66,"h100_equivalents":33855.482566953004,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":1.7804540000000002,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.042394,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_ae387d0b7cbe589a","facility_name":"QTS Richmond 2","date":"2024-01-29","construction_status":"Building 1 and 2 look complete but we don't think they are operational, as the substation is still under construction.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_2b9a4fe1d4b5f49a","facility_name":"Meta Jeffersonville","date":"2024-02-01","construction_status":"Land clearing begins.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":0,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_dd75fadc8604a530","facility_name":"Anthropic-Amazon New Carlisle","date":"2024-02-09","construction_status":"Land clearing begins in the northern section","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_6a20ae0e672d5e49","facility_name":"Google Kansas City East","date":"2024-03-01","construction_status":"Foundation work begins on Building 1","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_00c6d3ceb1ef9866","facility_name":"Google Columbus","date":"2024-04-01","construction_status":"Building 1 operational. No visible construction and roads/parking complete around the building. Building 2 chillers are beginning construction. Foundation work begins for Building 3.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":65,"power_mw":78,"h100_equivalents":32541.68772107125,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":2.46233,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.05863,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_66a64021c7a5c032","facility_name":"QTS Richmond 3","date":"2024-04-01","construction_status":"Land clearing begins.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_976c91fdf416ad77","facility_name":"Google Omaha","date":"2024-04-08","construction_status":"Building 1 operational, based on it being 6 months after roof was complete, infrastructure looked complete for 5 months.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":79,"power_mw":95,"h100_equivalents":39565.43708943911,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":2.992678,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.071258,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_023510cb98e153ea","facility_name":"Google New Albany","date":"2024-04-20","construction_status":"Building 1 is operational. Based on ~7 months since roof being completed, and cooling towers being installed sometime within that period. Building 2 roof is complete.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":68,"power_mw":81,"h100_equivalents":34057.60485093482,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":2.5759760000000003,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.06133600000000001,"water_use_mgd":0.845,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_21e936549836df80","facility_name":"Colossus 1","date":"2024-04-24","construction_status":"Construction starts with a road added on site, retrofitting a former Electrolux building.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_73293a06950dc0fc","facility_name":"Google Bristow","date":"2024-04-29","construction_status":"Building 1 is operational, based off of colored motion artifacts from cooling towers. Building 2 is undergoing construction.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":99,"power_mw":119,"h100_equivalents":49886.6599292572,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":3.750318,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.089298,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_8b22eb65e4d5951f","facility_name":"Meta Rosemount","date":"2024-05-30","construction_status":"Land is cleared.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":0,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_97a53b9d754cc5af","facility_name":"OpenAI Stargate Abilene","date":"2024-05-31","construction_status":"Land clearing begins for northern two buildings (Building 1-2)","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_38cd7c7d6000b943","facility_name":"Anthropic-Amazon New Carlisle","date":"2024-06-10","construction_status":"Land clearing begins in the southern section","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_bd80eb406cc48e7b","facility_name":"QTS Richmond 1","date":"2024-06-23","construction_status":"Building 2 (retrofitted) is operational. This is based on Building 2 looking compelte, and construction around Building 1 and 2 being mostly cleared. A colored motion artifact on one of the Building 1 cooling tower fans suggests it is moving. Building 3 cooling is installed, backup generators partly installed. Building 4 shell is under construction.","buildings_operational":2,"it_power_mw":94,"power_mw":132,"h100_equivalents":67710.96513390601,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":3.5609080000000004,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.084788,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_bb531308990c49f0","facility_name":"QTS Richmond 2","date":"2024-06-23","construction_status":"Still not many cars parked at Building 1 and 2, and the east substation looks very close to completion, based on a [Google Earth image](https://earth.google.com/web/@37.48655608,-77.24244153,55.96289131a,2859.52501034d,30.00094375y,0h,0.5917603t,0r/data=ChYqEAgBEgoyMDI0LTA2LTIzGAFCAggBMikKJwolCiExWVNYSWZQZkcydXVMYm1nUDkyc2NObE1QenF1VGRVV2cgAToDCgEwQgIIAEoICMOJgf0CEAE).","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_cf76c779a5fdc18e","facility_name":"Google Omaha","date":"2024-07-29","construction_status":"Building 2 has 3 cooling towers installed.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":79,"power_mw":95,"h100_equivalents":39565.43708943911,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":2.992678,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.071258,"water_use_mgd":0.088,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_0029a6a74bb543ff","facility_name":"Colossus 1","date":"2024-08-11","construction_status":"First [significant/useful training workload](https://x.ai/colossus) on 25k H100s.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":35,"power_mw":45,"h100_equivalents":25000,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":1.32587,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.03157,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_80aed56af60d4bea","facility_name":"Colossus 1","date":"2024-09-02","construction_status":"[100k H100s online](https://archive.is/z39uN).","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":139,"power_mw":181,"h100_equivalents":100000,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":5.265598000000001,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.12537800000000002,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_6b1464f488a82047","facility_name":"Google New Albany","date":"2024-09-13","construction_status":"Building 2 is operational. Google Earth imagery shows 6 cooling towers installed as of 2024-04-20, and a final 7th unit appeared as of 2024-09-13, with minimal construction around the building. Building 3 roof is also complete.","buildings_operational":2,"it_power_mw":147,"power_mw":177,"h100_equivalents":82364.83072258717,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":5.5686539999999995,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.132594,"water_use_mgd":0.966,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_2959f824c8f2ad91","facility_name":"Google Kansas City East","date":"2024-10-01","construction_status":"Foundation work begins on Building 2. Building 1 roof is fully black.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_8e60c22684c82c3c","facility_name":"Google Midlothian","date":"2024-10-01","construction_status":"Building 1 roof is complete.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_a96617f4fec3f53d","facility_name":"CoreWeave Denton TX","date":"2024-11-01","construction_status":"Construction start - The [Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation](https://www.tdlr.texas.gov/TABS/Search/Print/TABS2025005706) reports Core Scientific is converting existing Bitcoin mining buildings into AI data centers, planning to build AROUND the existing Denton Energy Center.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_93e6394916496788","facility_name":"Google Council Bluffs (East)","date":"2024-11-19","construction_status":"Building 1 is operational. Google Earth shows Building 1 had all backup generators and cooling towers installed by the end of August, but construction work was ongoing and there were almost no cars parked. By February 2025, Google Earth shows no construction work and many cars. So our best guess is in the middle, in November 2024. Building 3 roof is complete.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":79,"power_mw":95,"h100_equivalents":68216.27084386053,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":2.992678,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.071258,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_fdc2e4e76bd93fcb","facility_name":"Google Omaha","date":"2024-11-19","construction_status":"Building 2 is operational, based on it being 8 months since the roof was complete, and surrounding infrastructure looks just completed (finishing the cooling towers).","buildings_operational":2,"it_power_mw":158,"power_mw":189,"h100_equivalents":107630.11622031328,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":5.985356,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.142516,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_9ab08291dffe2491","facility_name":"DayOne Nusajaya","date":"2024-12-31","construction_status":"Buildings 1-2 are fully operational. Based on DayOne [reporting](https://web.archive.org/web/20241231165420/https://dayonedc.com/) that 120 MW is in operation in Johor, with [50 MW](https://www.moomoo.com/news/post/41886329/support-ai-computing-deployment-gds-holdings-nusajaya-technology-park-datacenter?level=1&data_ticket=1778269491837872) towards these two buildings. The date is based on the earliest available archived webpage, so this may have happened earlier.","buildings_operational":2,"it_power_mw":50,"power_mw":70,"h100_equivalents":34399.727134916626,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":1.8941,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.0451,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_4bafb07ebc19ca6e","facility_name":"Microsoft Goodyear","date":"2025-01-16","construction_status":"Building 2 operational. Based on interpolating satellite images from Sentinel-2 and Google Earth.","buildings_operational":2,"it_power_mw":81,"power_mw":105,"h100_equivalents":58110.15664477008,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":3.068442,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.073062,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_10648fb527a95239","facility_name":"QTS Richmond 1","date":"2025-02-04","construction_status":"Building 3 is operational, based on the building looking complete and the carpark to the south being full. Three more backup generators added to the Building 1 and 2 area, with a lot more construction equipment again (but this could be a laydown area for Richmond 2). Building 4 has cooling and backup generators fully installed. Building 5 has cooling installed, and backup generators partly installed.","buildings_operational":3,"it_power_mw":142,"power_mw":199,"h100_equivalents":125821.1217786761,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":5.379244,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.128084,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_09e3121affc70c61","facility_name":"QTS Richmond 2","date":"2025-02-04","construction_status":"Building 1 and 2 are operational, based on the east substation looking complete and the carparks being more full. Building 3 has cooling and generators mostly installed. Building 4 roof is partly completed.","buildings_operational":2,"it_power_mw":72,"power_mw":101,"h100_equivalents":52046.48812531582,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":2.7275039999999997,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.064944,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_4aad5b31b153381c","facility_name":"QTS Richmond 3","date":"2025-02-04","construction_status":"Building 1 shell is mostly complete, with some chillers installed on the roof. Building 2 shell is under construction.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_38866269288386fe","facility_name":"Colossus 1","date":"2025-02-17","construction_status":"150k H100s and 50k H200s online. This is roughly when [Musk](https://archive.is/z39uN) [said](https://archive.is/z39uN), plus on this date they reported \"running jobs with 150K+ GPUs\".","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":278,"power_mw":361,"h100_equivalents":200000,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":10.531196000000001,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.25075600000000003,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_7ee8153c30a1ca73","facility_name":"Colossus 2","date":"2025-02-28","construction_status":"Land clearing begins next to the existing building.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_7890a74b3bf3eabf","facility_name":"Google Columbus","date":"2025-03-01","construction_status":"Building 2 operational. Parking complete, no more visible construction.","buildings_operational":2,"it_power_mw":130,"power_mw":156,"h100_equivalents":111672.56189994948,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":4.92466,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.11726,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_b9c8216d2a8b1db5","facility_name":"Meta Montgomery","date":"2025-03-01","construction_status":"Land clearing begins.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":0,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_e319bdcf2deeb0a2","facility_name":"Colossus 1","date":"2025-03-06","construction_status":"Second substation almost connected (red cables)","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":278,"power_mw":361,"h100_equivalents":null,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":10.531196000000001,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.25075600000000003,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_91c3df8478b25c23","facility_name":"Google The Dalles","date":"2025-03-07","construction_status":"Building 1 is estimated to be operational, based on all external equipment being installed.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":77,"power_mw":93,"h100_equivalents":93986.86205154119,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":2.9169140000000002,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.069454,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_645ee03fbe8700e6","facility_name":"Amazon Madison Mega Site","date":"2025-03-11","construction_status":"Generators and chillers still being installed on buildings 1-5.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_4053eb2942c7864c","facility_name":"Google Omaha","date":"2025-03-16","construction_status":"Confirmation that there's no obvious construction happening for Building 2. Building 3 roof started.","buildings_operational":2,"it_power_mw":158,"power_mw":189,"h100_equivalents":107630.11622031328,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":5.985356,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.142516,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_f006c1a4c0a219ba","facility_name":"Google Omaha","date":"2025-04-21","construction_status":"Confident that Building 2 is operational","buildings_operational":2,"it_power_mw":158,"power_mw":189,"h100_equivalents":107630.11622031328,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":5.985356,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.142516,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_d130ee7878b5e3f6","facility_name":"Google Bristow","date":"2025-04-29","construction_status":"Building 2 is operational, based off it being at least 12 months since the roof was complete. Building 3 is finishing construction of cooling towers.","buildings_operational":2,"it_power_mw":198,"power_mw":238,"h100_equivalents":170973.21879737242,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":7.500636,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.178596,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_f009a849ffff95e5","facility_name":"Anthropic-Amazon New Carlisle","date":"2025-05-10","construction_status":"Roof complete on building 11","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_55f224a4db30e06a","facility_name":"CoreWeave Denton TX","date":"2025-05-31","construction_status":"First 8 MW billable tranche dedicated to AI [starts running at the site](https://investors.corescientific.com/sec-filings/all-sec-filings/content/0001628280-25-023161/q12025corescientificinc-ea.htm), with another 40 scheduled by the end of the quarter.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":8,"power_mw":11.2,"h100_equivalents":7781.707933299646,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.303056,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.007216,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_3feece3c7fff6ecd","facility_name":"Meta Prometheus","date":"2025-06-01","construction_status":"Roof complete on Building 5 (QTS-owned). In the northernmost area, land clearing begins on a new Meta site for Buildings 15-19. Building 1 still has construction work around the building and cooling equipment, so it's unlikely to be operational.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_c1913f983185c2b5","facility_name":"Google New Albany","date":"2025-06-01","construction_status":"Building 3 is operational, based on all cooling units and tanks installed, minimal construction work around the building. Building 4 still has some work around the cooling towers. Work is underway on Building 5 - some walls and a few backup generators are in place.","buildings_operational":3,"it_power_mw":226,"power_mw":272,"h100_equivalents":193026.78120262758,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":8.561332,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.203852,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_35af5d423b76ed20","facility_name":"QTS Richmond 1","date":"2025-06-03","construction_status":"Building 4 is operational, based on a complete building and full carpark in a [Google Earth image](https://earth.google.com/web/@37.48350155,-77.25010039,60.24751599a,83.68032361d,30.00094375y,3.66969189h,0t,0r/data=CgwqBggBEgAYAUICCAEyKQonCiUKITFZU1hJZlBmRzJ1dUxibWdQOTJzY05sTVB6cXVUZFVXZyABOgMKATBCAggASggIw4mB_QIQAQ). Building 5 does not seem quite operational given the empty carpark and construction activity at the perimeter.","buildings_operational":4,"it_power_mw":190,"power_mw":266,"h100_equivalents":183931.27842344617,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":7.19758,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.17138,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_f487dd44076f2b8a","facility_name":"Google Council Bluffs (East)","date":"2025-06-15","construction_status":"Building 2 is operational. Assuming it takes 3 months after generators and cooling towers are finished, similar to Building 1.","buildings_operational":2,"it_power_mw":158,"power_mw":190,"h100_equivalents":178878.22132390097,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":5.985356,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.142516,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_079afe571d1cd5d3","facility_name":"Anthropic-Amazon New Carlisle","date":"2025-06-23","construction_status":"Buildings 1-7 are operational. Based on all of the roofs being completed for over 5 months.","buildings_operational":7,"it_power_mw":398,"power_mw":478,"h100_equivalents":300151.59171298635,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":15.077036,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.35899600000000004,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_358f2d46a2d65e96","facility_name":"Amazon Madison Mega Site","date":"2025-06-23","construction_status":"Buildings 1-5 are operational, based on roofs being completed 5 months ago and generators being installed by 2025-04-10.","buildings_operational":5,"it_power_mw":284,"power_mw":341,"h100_equivalents":214348.14354550533,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":10.758488,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.256168,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_22472c31f3ff247a","facility_name":"OpenAI Stargate Abilene","date":"2025-06-28","construction_status":"Building 1 looks close to finishing construction, with chillers in place. OpenAI [stated](https://openai.com/index/five-new-stargate-sites/) that \"Oracle began delivering the first NVIDIA GB200 racks in June.\" The \"tenant improvement\" work [is not due](https://www.tdlr.texas.gov/TABS/Search/Project/TABS2025000156) until September, however.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_f7be2f55fd4f5e81","facility_name":"Google Mesa","date":"2025-07-01","construction_status":"Building 1 is operational. This is based on the state of construction on 2025-03-02 as seen on [Google Earth](https://earth.google.com/web/@33.35450568,-111.67805903,407.02398359a,2119.1496037d,35y,-0h,0t,0r/data=ChYqEAgBEgoyMDI1LTAzLTAyGAFCAggBQgIIAEoNCP___________wEQAA), where building shell and external components seems to have been completed, but there is still a lot of construction equipment present. That equipment appears to have been cleared up by this date, 4 months later, with the 2025-09-07 satellite imagery providing an upper bound. Construction has begun on the Building 2 roof, with work beginning on the areas for cooling and generators as well.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":90,"power_mw":126,"h100_equivalents":125821.1217786761,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":3.4093799999999996,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.08118,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_c7897559dece2b53","facility_name":"Google Kansas City East","date":"2025-07-01","construction_status":"Foundation work begins for Building 3. Building 1 generators seem complete.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_d8cec9491bccd2d5","facility_name":"Meta Montgomery","date":"2025-07-04","construction_status":"Building 1 and 2 under construction, with all chillers visible.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":0,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_033be648f410e29a","facility_name":"Google Council Bluffs (East)","date":"2025-07-19","construction_status":"Land clearing begins in the southwest, suggesting more buildings are planned.","buildings_operational":2,"it_power_mw":158,"power_mw":190,"h100_equivalents":178878.22132390097,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":5.985356,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.142516,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_d757009ce61045da","facility_name":"Colossus 1","date":"2025-07-22","construction_status":"30k B200s [added](https://archive.is/oHQSA) (in GB200 configuration).","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":340,"power_mw":442,"h100_equivalents":275795.85649317835,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":12.87988,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.30668,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_bea02941536e18e7","facility_name":"Microsoft Goodyear","date":"2025-09-01","construction_status":"Building 3 and 4 operational. Based on interpolating satellite images from Sentinel-2 and Google Earth.","buildings_operational":4,"it_power_mw":202,"power_mw":263,"h100_equivalents":205154.11824153614,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":7.652164000000001,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.182204,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_bd7356d87d097233","facility_name":"Google Mesa","date":"2025-09-07","construction_status":"Building 2 roof is mostly completed. Building 2's backup generators are almost complete, and cooling is a little more than halfway complete. The Building 2 substation is also under construction.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":90,"power_mw":126,"h100_equivalents":125821.1217786761,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":3.4093799999999996,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.08118,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_a4325accc71836e1","facility_name":"Colossus 2","date":"2025-09-08","construction_status":"Battery facility connected to the building. 121 air-cooled chillers installed, which could support 200 MW. In the Duke faciltiy in nearby Mississippi, several natural gas turbines are in place but not fully connected up.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_8a46ad145043d556","facility_name":"Colossus 1","date":"2025-09-17","construction_status":"Third substation looks completed, but it doesn't appear to be connected to the building yet. Some air-cooled chillers removed, while large cooling towers are added.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":268,"power_mw":348,"h100_equivalents":209125.31581606873,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":10.152376,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.24173600000000003,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_dec67859ea6fed5e","facility_name":"Meta Prometheus","date":"2025-09-20","construction_status":"Building 4 operational. Based on our default estimate of roof-to-operational time.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_feee992a0644d365","facility_name":"Anthropic-Amazon New Carlisle","date":"2025-09-26","construction_status":"Roof complete on building 16. Generators are being installed for buildings 8-15. In the north, Building 17 and 18 are under construction. To the south of buildings 8-16, a concrete pad is visible, and an expanded car park next to it.","buildings_operational":7,"it_power_mw":398,"power_mw":478,"h100_equivalents":300151.59171298635,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":15.077036,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.35899600000000004,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_6f9098422ed2f88c","facility_name":"OpenAI Stargate Abilene","date":"2025-09-26","construction_status":"Building 1 is fully operational around this date. The first phase was \"live\" on September 30 according a Crusoe [announcement](https://www.crusoe.ai/resources/newsroom/crusoe-announces-flagship-abilene-data-center-is-live). While the first phase consists of Building 1 and 2, the language doesn't outright confirm that both buildings are fully operational. The announcement also stated that \"Oracle began delivering the first NVIDIA GB200 racks in June\", and we think 3 months is enough time to ram to 50,000 GB200s in Building 1. The satellite image also suggests that Building 1 is complete (shell and equipment done, many cars neatly parked) while Building 2 is ongoing (trucks and construction equipment still present). The 200 MW [substation](https://www.mortenson.com/projects/abilene-data-center-development) built in 2022 and expanded in 2024 is enough to power both buildings. To the right of Building 2, five gas turbines are in place with five more turbines still under construction. Chillers are partly installed for Building 3. Roof is complete for Building 4. The larger 1 GW substation is not complete yet.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":105,"power_mw":147,"h100_equivalents":127337.03890853966,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":3.9776099999999994,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.09471,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_ad7bc2bdc8414789","facility_name":"Microsoft Fairwater Wisconsin","date":"2025-09-26","construction_status":"Building 1 cooling and backup generators all look complete from above but there is still construction visible around the building. Building 2 is well underway with a foundation and a complete substation. Large carpark and concrete area north of Building 2. Building 3 has a concrete foundation and a substation underway.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":0,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_fd7311508d502c57","facility_name":"Google Columbus","date":"2025-10-01","construction_status":"Building 3 operational. Surrounding roads finished, no more visible construction.","buildings_operational":3,"it_power_mw":216,"power_mw":260,"h100_equivalents":232945.93228903486,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":8.182512,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.194832,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_616b28d6696075b3","facility_name":"Amazon Madison Mega Site","date":"2025-10-04","construction_status":"Confirmation that five buildings are fully equipped with cooling and backup generators.","buildings_operational":5,"it_power_mw":284,"power_mw":341,"h100_equivalents":214348.14354550533,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":10.758488,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.256168,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_6ec47140af86d5ac","facility_name":"Microsoft Fairwater Atlanta","date":"2025-10-14","construction_status":"Building 1 and 2 are [operational](https://news.microsoft.com/source/features/ai/from-wisconsin-to-atlanta-microsoft-connects-datacenters-to-build-its-first-ai-superfactory/). Building 1 looked operational sooner, but the buildings [are paired](https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2025/09/18/inside-the-worlds-most-powerful-ai-datacenter/) in the Fairwater design. The roof of Building 4 is almost complete, while mechanical equipment is still being installed.","buildings_operational":2,"it_power_mw":321,"power_mw":433,"h100_equivalents":387981.94436584134,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":12.160122,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.289542,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_e536649a79e044e7","facility_name":"Meta Prometheus","date":"2025-10-14","construction_status":"Building 1 is operational, based on there being minimal construction work and cars in the main carpark. Building 2 still has some construction work around the building. Building 15 roof is complete. The on-site power at Socrates South and Socrates North has some outlines of gas turbines, to be installed later.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":76,"power_mw":99,"h100_equivalents":91965.63921172309,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":2.879032,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.068552,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_6c3b102f34de433f","facility_name":"Google New Albany","date":"2025-10-14","construction_status":"Building 4 is operational, based on all cooling units and tanks installed, minimal construction work around the building. Building 5 roof is half complete. About half of the backup generators are in place. One cooling tower is partly built.","buildings_operational":4,"it_power_mw":339,"power_mw":407,"h100_equivalents":351692.77412834764,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":12.841998,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.30577800000000005,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_3c9ea9baabcb010e","facility_name":"Anthropic-Amazon New Carlisle","date":"2025-10-17","construction_status":"Confirmation that nearly 500,000 chips are operational, which fits buildings 1-7. In an [interview](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jwgW_gHI1Vs&t=220s), AWS CEO says \"they're already running...about 500,000 [Trainium2] chips in Indiana today\".","buildings_operational":7,"it_power_mw":398,"power_mw":478,"h100_equivalents":300151.59171298635,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":15.077036,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.35899600000000004,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_031485fcffcca756","facility_name":"Colossus 2","date":"2025-10-19","construction_status":"Battery facility looks complete (though more might be added). Turbines look connected up, minimal construction around them. We believe this state corresponds to the first compute cluster brought online at this site of \"approximately 110,000 GB200 processors, approximately 210 megawatts of compute power\", as detailed in the [company S-1 filing, page 76](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1181412/000162828026036936/spaceexplorationtechnologi.htm). Based on those numbers, we believe \"compute power\" corresponds to GPU server power. [Earlier](https://x.com/elonmusk/status/1947715674429919279) [tweets](https://x.com/elonmusk/status/1950251710141567110) from Elon Musk also support this timing, and it's consistent with the estimated cooling capacity based on the satellite image.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":239,"power_mw":323,"h100_equivalents":277918.1404749874,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":9.053798,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.215578,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_5855c27a7f108675","facility_name":"Colossus 1","date":"2025-10-19","construction_status":"There is still construction visible in the third substation yard and next to the new cooling towers.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":268,"power_mw":348,"h100_equivalents":209125.31581606873,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":10.152376,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.24173600000000003,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_e18dea41a783f2b3","facility_name":"Google Omaha","date":"2025-10-21","construction_status":"Building 3 has all backup generators in place but they are still being installed. Two cooling towers have fans on them, with more underway. To the south of Building 3, more land has been cleared and there's a new carpark. This suggests another building will soon start construction.","buildings_operational":2,"it_power_mw":158,"power_mw":189,"h100_equivalents":107630.11622031328,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":5.985356,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.142516,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_740503c184ed67e7","facility_name":"Google Lincoln","date":"2025-10-23","construction_status":"Building 1 looks mostly complete: the large items like generators and substation are done. It is just missing 2 more cooling towers (4 fans). They just seem to be paving and setting up the secondary equipment so it is probably a few months away from operation. Building 2 foundation has been laid.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_87338c281a456a9a","facility_name":"Google Kansas City East","date":"2025-11-01","construction_status":"Foundation work begins for Building 4. Building 2 roof is almost complete, and construction appears to have started on cooling. Building 1 cooling construction continues, and the substation right next to it seems finished as well.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_9277b55ccdc1921d","facility_name":"Colossus 1","date":"2025-11-07","construction_status":"Third substation was expected to power the building in Fall.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":340,"power_mw":442,"h100_equivalents":275795.85649317835,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":12.87988,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.30668,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_38cb0b6f378a4cb4","facility_name":"Microsoft Goodyear","date":"2025-11-12","construction_status":"Confirmation that Building 3 and 4 look complete.","buildings_operational":4,"it_power_mw":202,"power_mw":263,"h100_equivalents":205154.11824153614,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":7.652164000000001,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.182204,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_bb3f42ec5db53a9a","facility_name":"QTS Richmond 1","date":"2025-11-19","construction_status":"Building 5 is operational, based on a complete building and full carpark in a [Google Earth image](https://earth.google.com/web/@37.48747566,-77.2485616,47.03705985a,2549.72172121d,30.00094375y,3.66969189h,0t,0r/data=ChYqEAgBEgoyMDI1LTExLTE5GAFCAggBMikKJwolCiExWVNYSWZQZkcydXVMYm1nUDkyc2NObE1QenF1VGRVV2cgAToDCgEwQgIIAEoICMOJgf0CEAE). Construction equipment around Building 1 and 2 has cleared up again.","buildings_operational":5,"it_power_mw":238,"power_mw":333,"h100_equivalents":242546.7407781708,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":9.015915999999999,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.214676,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_6bd87bacb5cf96cc","facility_name":"QTS Richmond 2","date":"2025-11-19","construction_status":"The west substation looks complete, based on a [Google Earth image](https://earth.google.com/web/@37.48673632,-77.24119214,61.15398527a,3616.77426559d,30.00094375y,0.00000001h,0.59183057t,0r/data=CgwqBggBEgAYAUICCAEyKQonCiUKITFZU1hJZlBmRzJ1dUxibWdQOTJzY05sTVB6cXVUZFVXZyABOgMKATBCAggASggIw4mB_QIQAQ). This image also shows one corner of Building 5 that still has construction work, so it's probably not operational.","buildings_operational":2,"it_power_mw":72,"power_mw":101,"h100_equivalents":52046.48812531582,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":2.7275039999999997,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.064944,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_516636fada50a239","facility_name":"QTS Richmond 3","date":"2025-11-19","construction_status":"The substation is still under construction, based on a [Google Earth image](https://earth.google.com/web/@37.48033002,-77.25002949,65.53442036a,2152.9927926d,30.00094375y,-0.00000001h,0.59169466t,0r/data=CgwqBggBEgAYAUICCAEyKQonCiUKITFZU1hJZlBmRzJ1dUxibWdQOTJzY05sTVB6cXVUZFVXZyABOgMKATBCAggASggIw4mB_QIQAQ), so we don't think any buildings are operational yet.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_39dec7723a11695b","facility_name":"Anthropic-Amazon New Carlisle","date":"2025-12-23","construction_status":"Buildings 8-11 are operational, given it's been over 7 months since their roofs were complete, and the backup generators and roof chimneys look complete. The roof is almost complete for Building 17 and 18.","buildings_operational":11,"it_power_mw":626,"power_mw":751,"h100_equivalents":471450.2273875695,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":23.714132,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.564652,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_7964814276684404","facility_name":"OpenAI Stargate Abilene","date":"2025-12-24","construction_status":"Building 2 is fully operational. This exact date corresponds to the expected completion date of \"Four (4) data hall spaces and an administrative office build-out\" according to a [TDLR filing](https://www.tdlr.texas.gov/TABS/Search/Project/TABS2025007742), but this date is also consistent with satellite imagery. By January 15, Building 2 looked as finished as Building 1, whereas on September 26 it did not look finished.","buildings_operational":2,"it_power_mw":211,"power_mw":295,"h100_equivalents":254674.07781707932,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":7.993102,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.190322,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_6097715a458770f8","facility_name":"CoreWeave Denton TX","date":"2025-12-31","construction_status":"Half the campus energized. 67 billable MW [are now dedicated](https://d1io3yog0oux5.cloudfront.net/_68280da94b2098ec46fcbe3f4628ea40/corescientific/db/1085/11265/presentation/Q4+FY25+earnings+deck+vfinal.2+PDF.pdf) to CoreWeave's GPUs across three buildings.","buildings_operational":3,"it_power_mw":67,"power_mw":93.8,"h100_equivalents":64679.13087417888,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":2.538094,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.06043400000000001,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_64df681f96da3f11","facility_name":"QTS Richmond 1","date":"2025-12-31","construction_status":"No changes to the site since November 2025.","buildings_operational":5,"it_power_mw":238,"power_mw":333,"h100_equivalents":242546.7407781708,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":9.015915999999999,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.214676,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_82ddca044c42deae","facility_name":"QTS Richmond 2","date":"2025-12-31","construction_status":"Building 3 and 4 are operational, based on the substation being completed earlier, the buildings looking complete, and carparks being moderately full. Building 5 still has construction work.","buildings_operational":4,"it_power_mw":144,"power_mw":202,"h100_equivalents":138959.0702374937,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":5.455007999999999,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.129888,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_5d3e43cd5f458098","facility_name":"QTS Richmond 3","date":"2025-12-31","construction_status":"The substation looks complete, but we expect Building 1 still needs commissioning before it is fully operational.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_0ac8549431c000cc","facility_name":"Google Council Bluffs (East)","date":"2026-01-11","construction_status":"Building 3 has all 34 backup generators installed and 4 cooling towers installed, with 3 more cooling towers under construction. There are gaps between cooling towers suggesting that more could be added. Buildings 1 and 2 are running close to full capacity, given that water vapor is coming out of 5 of 7 cooling towers for each building. The land cleared in the southwest appears to be shaped for two more similar buildings, with notches for substations.","buildings_operational":2,"it_power_mw":158,"power_mw":190,"h100_equivalents":178878.22132390097,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":5.985356,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.142516,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_0ba9757f666b7f94","facility_name":"Colossus 2","date":"2026-01-13","construction_status":"Since October, an array of dry cooling air-cooled condensers has been added (the array of large fans to the left of the building), and appears almost complete. Two more similar arrays appear to be under construction. More air-cooled chillers, batteries, and gas turbines have also been installed.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":239,"power_mw":323,"h100_equivalents":277918.1404749874,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":9.053798,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.215578,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_959622194c8af189","facility_name":"OpenAI Stargate Abilene","date":"2026-01-15","construction_status":"The 1 GW substation looks close to completion. Building 3 appears to have all power and cooling equipment installed, but there are still signs of construction work. This seems on track for operation in 3 months. Building 4 has about 80% of chillers installed. Other buildings have few or no chillers installed.","buildings_operational":2,"it_power_mw":211,"power_mw":295,"h100_equivalents":254674.07781707932,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":7.993102,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.190322,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_944361af5c9bd19e","facility_name":"Meta Prometheus","date":"2026-01-18","construction_status":"Buildings 2-6 are operational, based on all equipment being in place, the paved ground, and minimal construction equipment by the buildings. Buildings 7-11 all have some kind of power or cooling equipment lining their right side which are not fully installed. Building 13 has chillers installed. Buildings 15-19 roofs are complete. The Socrates South power plant to the right of Buildings 7-11 has 7 gas turbines in place, judging by the exhaust stacks.","buildings_operational":6,"it_power_mw":339,"power_mw":441,"h100_equivalents":410308.2364830723,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":12.841998,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.30577800000000005,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_8daf0bddc1215e36","facility_name":"Google New Albany","date":"2026-01-18","construction_status":"Water vapor from cooling towers is present across Building 1-4, confirming their operation. Building 5 roof is still incomplete, but most backup generators and 5 cooling towers have been installed.","buildings_operational":4,"it_power_mw":339,"power_mw":407,"h100_equivalents":351692.77412834764,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":12.841998,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.30577800000000005,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_98e2bd78ad952e7f","facility_name":"DayOne Nusajaya","date":"2026-01-22","construction_status":"Buildings 3-6 are operational, based on them looking complete. DayOne [reported](https://archive.is/8CFXN) that 390 MW is \"in service\" in Johor as of Jan 30. This is across both Nusajaya (including Phase 1, which we don't include here) and Kempas, but Nusajaya is the vast majority of capacity at this time. Building 7 and 8 look almost complete, while Building 9 and 10 shells are still under construction.","buildings_operational":6,"it_power_mw":240,"power_mw":336,"h100_equivalents":281670.4396159676,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":9.09168,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.21648,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_6cb15e21aae116e8","facility_name":"Microsoft Fairwater Wisconsin","date":"2026-01-28","construction_status":"Building 1 looks complete, but based on Microsoft announcements, it's not fully operational yet. Steel framing is underway for Building 2.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":0,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_9ef855765f768baa","facility_name":"Anthropic-Amazon New Carlisle","date":"2026-02-09","construction_status":"Buildings 12-16 still have a few generators that look incomplete, so they are unlikely to be operational just yet. Buildings 17-18 still have ongoing roof work, no generators. Just south of Buildings 9-16, the outlines of a site for Buildings 19-32 are taking shape.","buildings_operational":11,"it_power_mw":626,"power_mw":751,"h100_equivalents":471450.2273875695,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":23.714132,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.564652,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_8e16e1c2817b6287","facility_name":"Colossus 1","date":"2026-02-11","construction_status":"All air-cooled chillers have been disconnected and/or removed from the site, leaving only the cooling towers for cooling. The third substation looks complete, with red cables connected to the building.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":340,"power_mw":425,"h100_equivalents":275795.85649317835,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":12.87988,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.30668,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_6c98e73d745a0df8","facility_name":"Microsoft Fairwater Atlanta","date":"2026-02-13","construction_status":"Building 4 roof is complete and all mechanical equipment appears to be installed. However, there is still a lot of construction activity around the building.","buildings_operational":2,"it_power_mw":321,"power_mw":433,"h100_equivalents":387981.94436584134,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":12.160122,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.289542,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_5711c2f97fe2f763","facility_name":"QTS Richmond 1","date":"2026-02-13","construction_status":"No changes to the site since December 2025.","buildings_operational":5,"it_power_mw":238,"power_mw":333,"h100_equivalents":242546.7407781708,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":9.015915999999999,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.214676,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_b9d45bf717d20c33","facility_name":"QTS Richmond 2","date":"2026-02-13","construction_status":"Building 5 still has construction work at the perimeter, but given how close it looks to completion, we estimate it's only about 3 months away from operational.","buildings_operational":4,"it_power_mw":144,"power_mw":202,"h100_equivalents":138959.0702374937,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":5.455007999999999,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.129888,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_497d0fcb88afb36d","facility_name":"QTS Richmond 3","date":"2026-02-13","construction_status":"Building 1 is operational, based on the substation being completed earlier and cars in the carpark. Building 2 and 3 are not operational, based on minor construction work at the perimeter and no cars in the carpark, but we expect they will be operational within 3 months. Building 4 has complete chillers and backup generators, while Building 5 has chillers but only a few backup generators - roughly the state of Building 1 on 2025-02-04.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":48,"power_mw":67,"h100_equivalents":58110.15664477008,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":1.818336,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.043296,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_52bf983e7a64a4d7","facility_name":"Google Columbus","date":"2026-02-21","construction_status":"Buildings 1-3 are visibly operational, with steam coming out of the cooling towers. Meanwhile Building 4 is extremely close to completion, with all backup generators complete with only 3 cooling towers missing their fans. ~1/2 the generators are installed for Building 5, and the roof is mostly complete (starting to install the final white layer, with the actual roof structure already complete).","buildings_operational":3,"it_power_mw":216,"power_mw":260,"h100_equivalents":232945.93228903486,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":8.182512,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.194832,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_5e56c2276551af48","facility_name":"CoreWeave Denton TX","date":"2026-02-23","construction_status":"Buildings 1-3 (Denton North) are largely built out/operational, and Denton South has its first data hall plus support equipment substantially installed. Remaining Denton South buildings (4-7) still under construction. This is according to satellite imagery.","buildings_operational":4,"it_power_mw":131,"power_mw":183.4,"h100_equivalents":126326.42748863062,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":4.962542,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.118162,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_a9fecd6aecc9b2dd","facility_name":"CoreWeave Denton TX","date":"2026-03-02","construction_status":"Buildings 1-3 (Denton North) are fully operational running AI (Denton North at 90 MW, Denton South partially running at 41). This is according to an [earnings call](https://www.fool.com/earnings/call-transcripts/2026/03/02/core-scientific-corz-q4-2025-earnings-transcript/) from this date.","buildings_operational":4,"it_power_mw":131,"power_mw":183.4,"h100_equivalents":126326.42748863062,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":4.962542,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.118162,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_7d9a13e5715ec811","facility_name":"Meta Jeffersonville","date":"2026-03-06","construction_status":"Building 1 and 2 shell and cooling look complete, but there's still construction activity. We give it another 3 months to operational.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":0,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_2f6bbb048398a3b8","facility_name":"Meta Prometheus","date":"2026-03-12","construction_status":"The Socrates South power plant to the right of Buildings 7-11 now has 10 natural gas turbines in place, judging by the number of exhaust stacks. Battery backup has been installed nearby. To the north, a new section of tent buildings has begun east of Buildings 15-19. It is unclear how those buildings will be powered, if we assume that the Socrates North power plant is just powering Buildings 15-19.","buildings_operational":6,"it_power_mw":339,"power_mw":441,"h100_equivalents":410308.2364830723,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":12.841998,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.30577800000000005,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_179edcd51ed5deb0","facility_name":"Google New Albany","date":"2026-03-12","construction_status":"Building 5 has more cooling towers installed but not complete, and the roof is almost complete.","buildings_operational":4,"it_power_mw":339,"power_mw":407,"h100_equivalents":351692.77412834764,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":12.841998,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.30577800000000005,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_7dfd090bb981e081","facility_name":"Meta Kuna","date":"2026-03-15","construction_status":"Building 1 and 2 look complete from outside, with all electrical and cooling equipment installed. Construction has started on 2 smaller buldings to the north. Meta announced the arrival of the first server rack the following week.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":0,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_a6d512185062e6c7","facility_name":"Meta Montgomery","date":"2026-03-20","construction_status":"Buildings 1 and 2 are nearly complete, but there's still some equipment strewn around the site and few cars in the front carpark, so we expect 3 more months needed for commissioning and server installation. Building 3 has a half-finished roof and Building 4 shell is beginning construction.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":0,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_3bcce77c90f3aeb1","facility_name":"Meta Rosemount","date":"2026-03-21","construction_status":"Both buildings and their cooling infrastructure look complete, but the site probably isn't commissioned (tested) yet, and few cars are parked to the right of Building 1. We give another 3 months before it's operational.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":0,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_f673d3c964d80193","facility_name":"Anthropic-Amazon New Carlisle","date":"2026-03-23","construction_status":"Buildings 12-16 are operational. Based on how long previous buildings took, when they were in a similar state to Buildings 12-16 in December.","buildings_operational":16,"it_power_mw":910,"power_mw":1092,"h100_equivalents":685912.076806468,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":34.47262,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.8208200000000001,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_ebc2061b45e9c970","facility_name":"OpenAI Stargate Abilene","date":"2026-03-24","construction_status":"Building 3 and 4 look complete, but are not fully operational. Not as many cars are parked next to it as Building 1-2 which suggests they may still be ramping up. Building 4 was due by now according to a [regulatory filing](https://www.tdlr.texas.gov/TABS/Search/Project/TABS2025014756). Building 5 still has light construction activity, while Building 6 still lacks chillers. The on-site power plant to the right of Building 2 looks complete.","buildings_operational":2,"it_power_mw":211,"power_mw":295,"h100_equivalents":254674.07781707932,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":7.993102,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.190322,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_2862cee6e68c7bef","facility_name":"DayOne Nusajaya","date":"2026-04-05","construction_status":"Buildings 7-10 look mostly complete, but there is still some construction work at the edges.","buildings_operational":6,"it_power_mw":240,"power_mw":336,"h100_equivalents":281670.4396159676,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":9.09168,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.21648,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_5f90f60a375efd51","facility_name":"Colossus 2","date":"2026-04-06","construction_status":"The first array of dry cooling air-cooled condensers for Building 1 has been completed and is operational. A second array, with larger fans, is about halfway complete (located to the south of the first array). More chillers have also been added. For Building 2, an array of dry cooling air-cooled condensers of the same type as Building 1's first array is beginning construction. We believe this corresponds to the \"second cluster of 110,000 GB300 processors and 220 megawatts of compute power\" from the [company S-1 filing, page 76](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1181412/000162828026036936/spaceexplorationtechnologi.htm), with compute power corresponding to GPU server power. This is also consistent with our estimates based on cooling equipment.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":490,"power_mw":661,"h100_equivalents":555836.2809499748,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":18.562179999999998,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.44198,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_14cf798bbbc8f2a4","facility_name":"Microsoft Fairwater Wisconsin","date":"2026-04-16","construction_status":"Building 1 is operational. [X post](https://x.com/satyanadella/status/2044767391293509761?s=61) from Microsoft saying this date for Fairwater becoming operational.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":369,"power_mw":442,"h100_equivalents":445679.63617988885,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":13.978458,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.332838,"water_use_mgd":0.00771,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_5cbe4c06364ffa26","facility_name":"Google Kansas City East","date":"2026-04-16","construction_status":"Building 1 is almost complete, with only cooling needing 4 more fans. Building 2 backup generator construction has begun, and cooling tower installation is about halfway complete. Building 3's roof is almost complete, and construction has started on generators and cooling. A clear foundation has been cleared for Building 4, though no construction has begun.","buildings_operational":0,"it_power_mw":0,"power_mw":0,"h100_equivalents":0,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_6306983a6aead727","facility_name":"Google Midlothian","date":"2026-04-19","construction_status":"Building 1 is probably mostly operational despite some cooling towers yet to be installed. In the original building permit Google only expected to build 6 new cooling towers, but they've extended the row further. This might be to support new chips with denser power configurations. Across the road, you can see the beginnings of land development for what is likely an expansion of the site, but we don't have any details on it yet.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":69,"power_mw":82,"h100_equivalents":121273.3703890854,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":2.613858,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.06223800000000001,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_b7e304f2b82fb162","facility_name":"Microsoft Goodyear","date":"2026-04-27","construction_status":"Foundations appear to be underway for Building 5 and 6, just north of Building 4.","buildings_operational":4,"it_power_mw":202,"power_mw":263,"h100_equivalents":205154.11824153614,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":7.652164000000001,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.182204,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_f71ddddd65c8ec0e","facility_name":"Google The Dalles","date":"2026-04-29","construction_status":"Building 2 is estimated to be operational, based on all external equipment being installed, and ordinary cars parked by the building.","buildings_operational":2,"it_power_mw":154,"power_mw":185,"h100_equivalents":201616.97827185446,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":5.8338280000000005,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.138908,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_621ada84d92cefd2","facility_name":"Google Columbus","date":"2026-05-01","construction_status":"Building 4 operational. No more visible construction, and since only 3 fans needed to be installed since Feburary, operational date was likely soon after. Building 5 roof almost complete.","buildings_operational":4,"it_power_mw":303,"power_mw":364,"h100_equivalents":408792.3193532087,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":11.478245999999999,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.273306,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_994aec2f4170ce0a","facility_name":"Colossus 1","date":"2026-05-06","construction_status":"Anthropic [announces](https://www.anthropic.com/news/higher-limits-spacex) their agreement with SpaceX to use all of the compute capacity at Colossus 1. They state that this corresponds to more than 300 MW (presumably IT power) and over 220,000 GPUs. This is slightly different to previous reports adding up to 230,000 GPUs, but still roughly consistent with our estimates.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":340,"power_mw":425,"h100_equivalents":275795.85649317835,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":12.87988,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.30668,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_5615e55883754dcb","facility_name":"Google Lincoln","date":"2026-05-12","construction_status":"Building 1 operational. This is based on the fact that is no more visible equipment or construction around the building, and based on previous imagery and when construction started on the last pieces of equipment (fans). Building 2's roof is complete, with generator construction more than halfway complete and cooling construction beginning. Electrical equipment on the side of Building 2 is also around halfway complete.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":141,"power_mw":170,"h100_equivalents":287518.9489641233,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":5.341361999999999,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.127182,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_3c598db1c38e42da","facility_name":"QTS Richmond 2","date":"2026-05-14","construction_status":"Building 5 is estimated to be operational, based on the previous entry.","buildings_operational":5,"it_power_mw":180,"power_mw":252,"h100_equivalents":182920.66700353715,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":6.818759999999999,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.16236,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_7356b8378032d9fa","facility_name":"QTS Richmond 3","date":"2026-05-14","construction_status":"Building 2 and 3 are operational, based on the previous entry.","buildings_operational":3,"it_power_mw":144,"power_mw":202,"h100_equivalents":174835.77564426477,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":5.455007999999999,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.129888,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_14cb605413920e6b","facility_name":"Microsoft Fairwater Atlanta","date":"2026-05-15","construction_status":"Building 4 still has some equipment strewn around the perimeter, so we think it is still going through commissioning. Two new buildings at the campus have shells underway, but we don't know if Microsoft is the tenant for those.","buildings_operational":2,"it_power_mw":321,"power_mw":433,"h100_equivalents":387981.94436584134,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":12.160122,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.289542,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_919cf51608e34b06","facility_name":"Microsoft Fairwater Wisconsin","date":"2026-05-15","construction_status":"The main shell of Building 2 looks almost completed. In Area 2 (northwest of Buildings 1-2), the grading for the original design has been replaced with grading for the new [9-building design](https://www.mtpleasantwi.gov/AgendaCenter/ViewFile/Agenda/_01212026-1292), making way for Buildings 3-11. Work continues on the northern substation in Area 2.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":369,"power_mw":442,"h100_equivalents":445679.63617988885,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":13.978458,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.332838,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_63cd8ea8d9b4ea46","facility_name":"Google Mesa","date":"2026-05-15","construction_status":"Building 2 is close to being operational. There is only construction left on the backup generators, which are almost complete. Some equipment is also strewn around the building, especially near the air-cooled chillers. Preparation seems to have begun for Building 3 at the site.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":90,"power_mw":126,"h100_equivalents":125821.1217786761,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":3.4093799999999996,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.08118,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_234f2004a6f8e10e","facility_name":"Google Omaha","date":"2026-05-15","construction_status":"Building 3 appears almost complete, with only minimal construction work and equipment remaining. The cooling towers are spaced apart in an unusual way, but there's no obvious sign that more will be installed before operation. Buildings 4 and 5 haven't started construction yet, the cleared land is still empty.","buildings_operational":2,"it_power_mw":158,"power_mw":189,"h100_equivalents":107630.11622031328,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":5.985356,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.142516,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_53dcc2c4c4bdf526","facility_name":"Meta Prometheus","date":"2026-05-18","construction_status":"Building 7-11 (Meta tents) are operational. In January we saw them look almost complete, with some work still ongoing for power equipment. Assuming 3 more months for commissioning, we expect operation by May.","buildings_operational":11,"it_power_mw":493,"power_mw":641,"h100_equivalents":596260.7377463365,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":18.675826,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.444686,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_5e49a6adcdd65fac","facility_name":"Google New Albany","date":"2026-05-18","construction_status":"Building 5 has all cooling towers installed, and all other components look complete, but there is still light work around the building. Based on that, we estimate 3 more months until operational.","buildings_operational":4,"it_power_mw":339,"power_mw":407,"h100_equivalents":351692.77412834764,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":12.841998,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.30577800000000005,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_444c7ffba9e707a6","facility_name":"Google Bristow","date":"2026-05-20","construction_status":"Building 3 is operational, based off of colored motion artifacts from cooling towers.","buildings_operational":3,"it_power_mw":279,"power_mw":335,"h100_equivalents":283675.08842849924,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":10.569078000000001,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.25165800000000005,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_f401d0b417d6c3ef","facility_name":"OpenAI Stargate Abilene","date":"2026-05-23","construction_status":"Buildings 3 and 4 are estimated to be operational. On April 22nd, Oracle [posted](https://x.com/i/status/2047012589302153558) that \"In Abilene, 200MW is already operational\". This suggests that there was still only Building 1 and 2 operational. Since Buildings 3 and 4 looked complete from the outside on March 24th, we give it another month after Oracle's post for them to be operational. This would also give the buildings a similar 1 year 4 months timeline that Buildings 1 took from land clearing to being operational.","buildings_operational":4,"it_power_mw":421,"power_mw":590,"h100_equivalents":509348.15563415864,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":15.948322,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.379742,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_4527a9375d6a9e59","facility_name":"Meta Kuna","date":"2026-06-01","construction_status":"Building 1 and 2 are operational. The 2nd phase of an offsetting solar array goes online on May 31, 2026. Idaho Public Utilities Comission's approval for this start date notes that \"[Meta]’s load is expected to increase so much that it will suffer a capacity deficit in June 2026 if served only by Pleasant Valley Solar 1.1,” A redacted table in the staff comments document suggests the data center's load will continue to increase through August, when it presumably reaches the maximum capacity of both buildings.","buildings_operational":2,"it_power_mw":152,"power_mw":198,"h100_equivalents":173319.85851440122,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":5.758064,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.137104,"water_use_mgd":70000,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_b2d66b6b940d0dcf","facility_name":"Anthropic-Amazon New Carlisle","date":"2026-06-03","construction_status":"Buildings 17-18 fully roofed but still having surrounding generators/cooling under construction. Cleared land for buildings 19-32 is still bare, with no building foundations visible yet. Based on satellite imagery.","buildings_operational":16,"it_power_mw":910,"power_mw":1092,"h100_equivalents":685912.076806468,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":34.47262,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.8208200000000001,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_bb33cd0105c441fd","facility_name":"Amazon Madison Mega Site","date":"2026-06-04","construction_status":"Buildings 6 and 7 roof completed. Building 8 roof nearly completed. Building 9 roof half way up. No new operational buildings.","buildings_operational":5,"it_power_mw":284,"power_mw":341,"h100_equivalents":214348.14354550533,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":10.758488,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.256168,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_24c5b0ca9b6bf3a7","facility_name":"Meta Jeffersonville","date":"2026-06-04","construction_status":"Building 1 and 2 are operational.","buildings_operational":2,"it_power_mw":178,"power_mw":241,"h100_equivalents":203132.89540171804,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":6.742996,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.160556,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_f3bfc43869bc7f32","facility_name":"Microsoft Fairwater Atlanta","date":"2026-06-14","construction_status":"Building 3 and 4 are operational.","buildings_operational":4,"it_power_mw":636,"power_mw":859,"h100_equivalents":768768.7220818596,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":24.092952,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.5736720000000001,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_2d8e03d143b1b95f","facility_name":"Colossus 2","date":"2026-06-15","construction_status":"The site is estimated to have at least ~830 MW of GPU server power, with at least \"at least 220,000 additional GB300 processors and over 400 additional megawatts of compute power\", corresponding to the \"next phase of expansion\" found in the following [company S-1 filing, page 76](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1181412/000162828026036936/spaceexplorationtechnologi.htm).This estimate is backed up by our cooling and turbine based power production calculations. The cooling calculations suggest there is enough infrastructure to support ~850MW of IT Power. Similarly the energy production calculations support ~900MW of available IT Power. This gives us confidence that the proposed expansion was achieved in time. The roof for building 3 is halfway complete.","buildings_operational":2,"it_power_mw":946,"power_mw":1276,"h100_equivalents":1111672.5618999496,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":35.836372,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.8532919999999999,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_3d7b8db159294f18","facility_name":"Colossus 1","date":"2026-06-15","construction_status":"No major changes to the data center since February. Solar panels have been placed next to the facility.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":340,"power_mw":425,"h100_equivalents":275795.85649317835,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":12.87988,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.30668,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_a9e6f37f1bd927ab","facility_name":"Meta Montgomery","date":"2026-06-18","construction_status":"Building 1 and 2 are operational (estimate).","buildings_operational":2,"it_power_mw":153,"power_mw":199,"h100_equivalents":174517.43304699342,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":5.795946,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.138006,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_019ff2fa6fd42468","facility_name":"Meta Rosemount","date":"2026-06-19","construction_status":"Building 1 and 2 are operational.","buildings_operational":2,"it_power_mw":178,"power_mw":241,"h100_equivalents":215765.5381505811,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":6.742996,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.160556,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_860ced9e68f2c6ae","facility_name":"Google Omaha","date":"2026-06-30","construction_status":"Building 3 is operational (estimate). Based on there being minimal construction work as of May 15.","buildings_operational":3,"it_power_mw":237,"power_mw":284,"h100_equivalents":267812.02627589693,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":8.978034,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.213774,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_93f2e96d72ee5e13","facility_name":"Google Midlothian","date":"2026-07-01","construction_status":"Estimated full completion of the expanded row of cooling towers and backup generators.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":103,"power_mw":123,"h100_equivalents":191005.5583628095,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":3.901846,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.092906,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_7257540e7c2d79cd","facility_name":"CoreWeave Denton TX","date":"2026-07-03","construction_status":"Full campus of 7 data halls are operational and running, with no construction work visible. This is based on both satellite imagery, and the [Q2 2026 Earnings call](https://d1io3yog0oux5.cloudfront.net/_68280da94b2098ec46fcbe3f4628ea40/corescientific/db/1066/11282/pdf/Q2+FY26+earnings+deck+7.28+AM.pdf) stating the campus was operational by midyear 2026.","buildings_operational":7,"it_power_mw":262,"power_mw":366.8,"h100_equivalents":252652.85497726125,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":9.925084,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.236324,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_946585c9b24d5471","facility_name":"Google Council Bluffs (East)","date":"2026-07-07","construction_status":"Building 3 is operational. 7 cooling towers were finally installed despite being more spread out compared to the first two buildings. Cooling towers models vary slightly between buildings. Ground clearing to the southwest seems to be setting up for two more buildings.","buildings_operational":3,"it_power_mw":237,"power_mw":284,"h100_equivalents":289034.86609398684,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":8.978034,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.213774,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_013b97983efb5311","facility_name":"Meta Prometheus","date":"2026-08-01","construction_status":"Building 12 is [operational](https://vantage-dc.com/data-center-locations/north-america/new-albany-ohio), based on similar building completion timeframes by Vantage.","buildings_operational":12,"it_power_mw":562,"power_mw":731,"h100_equivalents":677109.6513390602,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":21.289684,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.506924,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_228de77781d0f0ac","facility_name":"Google Kansas City East","date":"2026-08-01","construction_status":"Building 1 operational. Estimated based on present construction progress and typical timelines.","buildings_operational":1,"it_power_mw":105,"power_mw":126,"h100_equivalents":244567.9636179889,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":3.9776099999999994,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.09471,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_9f7d5088c91c46f8","facility_name":"Google Mesa","date":"2026-08-15","construction_status":"Building 2 is operational. This is estimated based on the close-to-complete construction status from May 2026.","buildings_operational":2,"it_power_mw":183,"power_mw":237,"h100_equivalents":343102.57705912075,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":6.932405999999999,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.165066,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_b6977a25680839cb","facility_name":"Google New Albany","date":"2026-08-16","construction_status":"Building 5 is operational. Estimated from the high-res image from May.","buildings_operational":5,"it_power_mw":453,"power_mw":543,"h100_equivalents":616472.9661445174,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":17.160546,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.408606,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_f2e179eb9f219363","facility_name":"Meta Prometheus","date":"2026-10-01","construction_status":"Socrates South and Socrates North gas power plants are operational, coinciding with Building 15-19 being operational. Based [on](https://dis.puc.state.oh.us/CaseRecord.aspx?CaseNo=25-0188-EL-BGN) [documents](https://dis.puc.state.oh.us/ViewImage.aspx?CMID=A1001001A25E29B42006E01696) [stating](https://www.williams.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2025/03/Socrates-North-Fact-Sheet-Final-1.pdf) \"late Third or early Fourth Quarter of 2026\", \"late 2026\", \"November 2026\", \"third quarter of 2026\".","buildings_operational":17,"it_power_mw":716,"power_mw":931,"h100_equivalents":864072.7640222334,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":27.123511999999998,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.645832,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_ec380344c387dc1c","facility_name":"DayOne Nusajaya","date":"2026-10-02","construction_status":"Buildings 7-10 are operational. Judging by their state in April 2026, we expect 3 months to finish construction and another 3 months to ramp to full capacity.","buildings_operational":10,"it_power_mw":473,"power_mw":662,"h100_equivalents":583836.7862556847,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":17.918186,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.42664599999999997,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_81702120ff330041","facility_name":"Anthropic-Amazon New Carlisle","date":"2026-10-19","construction_status":"Buildings 17-18 are operational. This is an estimate based on a rule of thumb of \"operational 5 months after roof is complete\", assuming the roofs took one more month after 2025-12-23. Also added four more months to account for commissioning and adjacent cooling units not being complete yet.","buildings_operational":18,"it_power_mw":1037,"power_mw":1244,"h100_equivalents":818428.4992420415,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":39.283634,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.9353739999999999,"water_use_mgd":21,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_9e7a8d0d5d9addda","facility_name":"Meta Prometheus","date":"2026-10-30","construction_status":"Building 13 (Vantage) is operational, based on it starting construction about 3 months after Building 12.","buildings_operational":18,"it_power_mw":785,"power_mw":1020,"h100_equivalents":949974.7347145022,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":29.737370000000002,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.7080700000000001,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_b949e4cf64a9de97","facility_name":"OpenAI Stargate Abilene","date":"2026-11-01","construction_status":"Buildings 5-8 are estimated to be operational. On March 24, Building 8 roughly looked like where Building 3 was in September. Building 3 is estimated to be operational in April, 7 months later. This naively suggests Building 8 will be operational by early November, 7 months after March 24.","buildings_operational":8,"it_power_mw":843,"power_mw":1180,"h100_equivalents":1018696.3112683173,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":31.934525999999998,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.760386,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_04d7c0a77576fd5f","facility_name":"Meta Montgomery","date":"2027-01-02","construction_status":"Buildings 5 and 6 are operational (estimate). Based on the tent buildings at Meta Prometheus taking about 11 months from starting the tent structure to estimated operation.","buildings_operational":4,"it_power_mw":204,"power_mw":266,"h100_equivalents":232968.6710459828,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":7.727927999999999,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.184008,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_f5802340bbb2a239","facility_name":"Meta Prometheus","date":"2027-01-28","construction_status":"Building 14 (Vantage) operational, based on it starting construction about 3 months after Building 13.","buildings_operational":19,"it_power_mw":854,"power_mw":1110,"h100_equivalents":1030823.6483072259,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":32.351228,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.770308,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_47fbf240f7af1f0b","facility_name":"QTS Richmond 3","date":"2027-02-13","construction_status":"Building 4 and 5 are operational, based on Building 5 being roughly 1 year behind Building 1 in satellite imagery.","buildings_operational":5,"it_power_mw":240,"power_mw":336,"h100_equivalents":291056.08893380495,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":9.09168,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.21648,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_c64029f507c2b0c0","facility_name":"Microsoft Fairwater Wisconsin","date":"2027-02-20","construction_status":"Building 2 is operational. This is estimated based on (1) the delay between Building 1 and Building 2 starting land clearing, (2) in March 2025, a Microsoft spokesperson [said](https://www.wpr.org/news/microsoft-pauses-construction-on-parts-of-mount-pleasant-site-again) “fully on track” with the first phase , where “southern datacenter buildings complete, and preparation begins for operations” was [expected](https://local.microsoft.com/blog/mount-pleasant-datacenter-project-update/) by late 2026. Finally, while it's not 100% consistent with our estimates, MISO was [planning](https://cdn.misoenergy.org/NEW%20LOAD%20ANNOUNCEMENTS%20IN%20MISO%20REGIONS%2012062024684954.pdf) 1480 MW of load for Microsoft in Mount Pleasant in 2026.","buildings_operational":2,"it_power_mw":737,"power_mw":885,"h100_equivalents":889338.0495199596,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":27.919033999999996,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.664774,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_cb55960cd1a2efe4","facility_name":"Meta Montgomery","date":"2027-02-23","construction_status":"Buildings 3 and 4 are operational (estimate). In September 2025, Building 1 and 2 appeared to be in a similar state to Building 3 and 4 in May 2026. Based on that, we apply an 8-month delay to the Building 1 and 2 operational date to get the Building 3 and 4 operational date.","buildings_operational":6,"it_power_mw":358,"power_mw":465,"h100_equivalents":407486.10409297625,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":13.561755999999999,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.322916,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_a0a8ade2084a1627","facility_name":"Colossus 2","date":"2027-02-25","construction_status":"Building 3 is estimated to be completed. The site is predicted to have enough power infrastructure installed for a total of 1.5 GW of IT Power. Based on building plans we predict the addition of three more cooling arrays similar to the 6x24 dry coolers near Building 1 and 2. With the completion of current cooling structures and the addition of these arrays there will be ~540MW more cooling capacity for a full facility total of ~1390MW. If this cooling capacity is supplemented by mobile coolers, there would be enough cooling and power infrastructure to support 1.5 GW of IT power.","buildings_operational":3,"it_power_mw":1531,"power_mw":2065,"h100_equivalents":1824153.6129358262,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":57.997341999999996,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":1.380962,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_1cfaaba13961b4a9","facility_name":"Amazon Madison Mega Site","date":"2027-03-01","construction_status":"Buildings 6 and 7 operational, estimated from roofs having been completed 9 months ago (similar timeline to AWS buildings at New Carlisle in 2025).","buildings_operational":7,"it_power_mw":284,"power_mw":478,"h100_equivalents":300087.4009637075,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":10.758488,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.256168,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_1b5161fd63cc3b3a","facility_name":"Google Columbus","date":"2027-07-01","construction_status":"Building 5 operational. The [transmission line construction notice](https://www.aeptransmission.com/ohio/docs/Hartman%20Farms%20Extension%20No.%202%20138%20kV%20Transmission%20Line%20Project%20Construction%20Notice.pdf) that expands site by 100 MW is assumed to be entirely for Building 5, and has an in-service date of July 1, 2027 (page 3). Estimate taken on the safe side based on completion times for Building 3-4 from when roof was complete.","buildings_operational":5,"it_power_mw":386,"power_mw":464,"h100_equivalents":707427.9939363315,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":14.622452,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.34817200000000004,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_b50ba42b6e47bd08","facility_name":"Google Lincoln","date":"2027-10-01","construction_status":"Building 2 operational. Estimated based on the construction timeline for Building 1, specifically the time to operational since the roof was complete and the time to operational since the foundation work began.","buildings_operational":2,"it_power_mw":283,"power_mw":339,"h100_equivalents":869125.8211217787,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":10.720606,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.255266,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_2de9bde58d47dfd7","facility_name":"Google Omaha","date":"2028-01-23","construction_status":"Building 4 is operational. Expect a 4th building because there's enough land cleared for it. Assuming the foundation starts at the end of May 2026 and it takes a similar time to Building 3 from foundation to operational (1 year 8 months).","buildings_operational":4,"it_power_mw":316,"power_mw":379,"h100_equivalents":641738.2516422436,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":11.970712,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.285032,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_bfc26c0bf2f7efb8","facility_name":"Amazon Madison Mega Site","date":"2028-03-15","construction_status":"Buildings 8-12 are operational. In June of 2026 only a faint outline of buildings 10,11 and 12 is visible, estimating construction completion to be the end of 2027, alligning with [expected completion by 2027](https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/aws-confirmed-as-company-behind-10bn-mississippi-data-center-development/). This final estimates adds three months to that for server installation.","buildings_operational":12,"it_power_mw":683,"power_mw":819,"h100_equivalents":514435.54450921173,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":25.873406000000003,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.6160660000000001,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_aef4ead1ace10527","facility_name":"Anthropic-Amazon New Carlisle","date":"2028-03-17","construction_status":"Buildings 19-32 are operational. This is an estimate based on how long Buildings 1-16 took to become operational. In May 2026, the foundation of several buildings and a substation was visible at the site of Buildings 19-32. Buildings 1-16 took 1 year and 10 months to go from a similar state to operational. So we add 1 year and 10 months to May 2026 to get this date estimate. The power capacity is based on an [air quality permit](https://t.co/HsAO7oyKa2) filed in May 2026, and the compute capacity is based on Trainium3 chips.","buildings_operational":32,"it_power_mw":1925,"power_mw":2310,"h100_equivalents":1746038.4032339565,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":72.92285,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":1.73635,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_ef857b6875b5d0ef","facility_name":"Microsoft Fairwater Wisconsin","date":"2028-05-13","construction_status":"Buildings 3-11 are estimated to be operational. The grading for this revised 9-building plan was underway in May 2026, and we assume an average 2-year [build time](https://epoch.ai/data-insights/data-centers-buildout-speeds) from that point.","buildings_operational":11,"it_power_mw":2263,"power_mw":2715,"h100_equivalents":4527539.161192521,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":85.72696599999999,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":2.041226,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}},{"id":"event_9afbeb3b8c570bf3","facility_name":"Google Omaha","date":"2028-07-23","construction_status":"Building 5 is operational. We expect a 5th building because there's enough land cleared for one. We assume a roughly 6-month delay after Building 4.","buildings_operational":5,"it_power_mw":395,"power_mw":474,"h100_equivalents":1136937.8473976755,"total_capital_cost_billion_usd_2025":14.96339,"annual_operating_cost_billion_usd_2025":0.35629000000000005,"water_use_mgd":null,"claim_kind":"estimated","source":{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4}}],"owner_leaders":[{"owner":"Google","facilities":20,"h100_equivalents":3913286.0030318345},{"owner":"Meta","facilities":15,"h100_equivalents":2684615.7270627297},{"owner":"Microsoft","facilities":7,"h100_equivalents":1685090.0965133908},{"owner":"SpaceXAI","facilities":3,"h100_equivalents":1398938.8580090955},{"owner":"Amazon","facilities":4,"h100_equivalents":1152913.0753292344},{"owner":"CoreWeave","facilities":8,"h100_equivalents":755953.9915819786},{"owner":"Oracle","facilities":6,"h100_equivalents":593734.2091965639},{"owner":"VNET","facilities":1,"h100_equivalents":122789.28751894896},{"owner":"Huawei","facilities":1,"h100_equivalents":117230.92470944922},{"owner":"AI XPV Platform","facilities":1,"h100_equivalents":58564.93178372915},{"owner":"Nebius","facilities":1,"h100_equivalents":56846.89236988378},{"owner":"Firmus","facilities":1,"h100_equivalents":46488.12531581607}],"chip_leaders":[{"chip":"B300","facilities":21},{"chip":"B200","facilities":17},{"chip":"TPU v6e","facilities":12},{"chip":"H100","facilities":11},{"chip":"TPU v5e","facilities":9},{"chip":"TPU v5p","facilities":9},{"chip":"TPU v7","facilities":9},{"chip":"Trainium2","facilities":4},{"chip":"A100","facilities":2},{"chip":"Ascend 910C","facilities":2},{"chip":"H200","facilities":1},{"chip":"TPU v4","facilities":1}],"sources":[{"source_id":"PI-009","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"AI Data Centers","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:30.001Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, AI Data Centers dataset, CC BY 4.0.","evidence_tier":4},{"source_id":"PI-010","publisher":"Epoch AI","label":"GPU Clusters","observed_at":"2026-08-23T02:41:29.650Z","urls":["https://epoch.ai/data/gpu-clusters"],"attribution":"Epoch AI, GPU Clusters dataset.","evidence_tier":4},{"source_id":"CE-005","publisher":"Microsoft Azure","label":"Retail Prices API","observed_at":"2026-08-22T23:08:40.488Z","urls":["https://prices.azure.com/api/retail/prices"],"attribution":"Microsoft Azure Retail Prices API.","evidence_tier":1},{"source_id":"CO-002","publisher":"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission","label":"EDGAR XBRL Companyfacts","observed_at":"2026-08-25T01:14:47.860Z","urls":["https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/"],"attribution":"SEC EDGAR Companyfacts API.","evidence_tier":1},{"source_id":"CE-003","publisher":"Google Cloud","label":"Cloud Billing Catalog","observed_at":"2026-08-24T19:53:04.910Z","urls":["https://cloudbilling.googleapis.com/v1/services/6F81-5844-456A/skus"],"attribution":"Google Cloud Billing Catalog API.","evidence_tier":1},{"source_id":"CE-006","publisher":"MLCommons","label":"MLPerf Training v6.0","observed_at":"2026-08-24T19:51:03.313Z","urls":["https://github.com/mlcommons/training_results_v6.0"],"attribution":"MLCommons MLPerf Training results.","evidence_tier":1}],"methodology":"Normalized from immutable Source Atlas captures. Facility, event, component-reference, cluster, and price observations are counted separately. Values retain their source and are labeled reported, estimated, or derived."}